Acids feem ntau yog corrosive. Hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, cov acids tsis muaj zog muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho ionization equilibrium piav raws li hauv qab no:
[HA], [H+], thiab [A-] sawv cev rau cov molar concentrations ntawm HA, H+, thiab A-, raws li, thaum *K* yog ionization equilibrium tas li rau cov tsis muaj zog acid HA. Piv txwv li, ntawm 298 K, ionization tas li rau acetic acid yog 1.8 × 10⁻⁵, thiab cov hydrofluoric acid yog 7.2 × 10⁻⁴. Lub ionization equilibrium tsis tas li nws txawv me ntsis nrog cov kev hloov hauv cov concentration ntawm cov tsis muaj zog electrolyte thiab kub.
Ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, qhov℃ntawm ionization ntawm cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog nce ntxiv thaum cov tshuaj ua ntau dua; Piv txwv li, cov degrees ntawm ionization rau acetic acid nyob rau hauv concentrations ntawm 0.10 M, 1.0 × 10⁻³ M, thiab 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ M yog 1.34%, 13.4%, thiab 42%, feem, ncav cuag ionization nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm infinite dilution.
Lub ionization ntawm polyprotic tsis muaj zog acids pib mus rau hauv ib tug stepwise yam. Piv txwv li, phosphoric acid ionizes nyob rau hauv peb kauj ruam, txhua yam txuam nrog ib tug coj ionization equilibrium tas li:
Dej ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug zoo heev hnyav rau inorganic tebchaw; ions muaj zog txaus nyiam rau cov dej molecules thiab yog li stabilized. H + ion hauv cov kua qaub yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm "liab qab" proton-muaj ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm tsuas yog 10⁻³ picometers- uas khi nrog cov dej molecules los tsim cov hydronium ion, H₃O+. Piv txwv li, crystalline hydrated perchloric acid, H₃O, Cl O, H₃O + thiab ClO₄⁻ ions; Hauv cov kua dej, H₃O + ion txuas ntxiv nrog peb cov dej ntxiv. Conventionally, lub cim H + yog siv los sawv cev rau hydrogen ion nyob rau hauv aqueous daws. General Properties ntawm Acids:
(1) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov kua qaub- cov cim taw qhia:
Ntshav litmus daws liab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug acid; Cov tshuaj tsis muaj xim phenolphthalein tseem tsis muaj xim nyob rau hauv muaj cov kua qaub.
(2) Kev tawm tsam nrog cov hlau nquag (hlau uas muaj zog dua li hydrogen hauv cov hlau ua haujlwm series):
Acid + Hlau → ntsev + Hydrogen Gas
Piv txwv li: 2HCl + Fe → FeCl₂ + H₂↑
(3) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov oxides yooj yim:
Acid + Basic Oxide → ntsev + Dej
3H₂SO₄ + Fe₂O₃ → Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 3H₂O
(4) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog qee cov ntsev:
Acid + ntsev → Tshiab Acid + ntsev tshiab
H₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ → 2HCl + BaSO₄↓
(5) Neutralization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov hauv paus:
Acid + Base → ntsev + Dej
2HCl + Ba(OH)₂ → BaCl₂ + 2H₂O
Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xws li tau piav qhia hauv (3), (4), thiab (5) saum toj no, ob lub tebchaw sib pauv lawv cov khoom siv los tsim ob lub tebchaw tshiab; hom tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog hu ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ob npaug.
Kev hloov pauv ob zaug yog ua raws li cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb: cov reactants yuav tsum tau soluble hauv dej (yog tias muaj cov kua qaub, nws txaus rau cov kua qaub tsuas yog soluble hauv dej), thiab cov khoom tsim yuav tsum muaj xws li roj av, precipitate, los yog dej (muaj ib qho ntawm cov no txaus).
Lus Cim: Yog tias carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) tsim, nws yuav tsum tau sau ua H₂O + CO₂↑.
Piv txwv li: Na₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H₂O + CO₂↑ (Ntawm no, muaj cov pa roj tsim tawm- thiab dej kuj tsim tawm).
BaCl₂ + Na₂SO₄ → BaSO₄↓ + 2NaCl (Ntawm no, BaSO₄ yog precipitate uas yog insoluble hauv dej).
NaCl tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog sulfuric acid vim HCl tsim tawm los ua cov pa roj, yog li tsav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tu ncua nyob rau pem hauv ntej; Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem siv rau hauv chav kuaj los npaj HCl roj.
